--- title: "Energy, Water, and National Capacity | A Government That Works for the People" canonical: "https://govthatworks.org/capacity" description: "A technology-neutral clean-resource standard, transmission and permitting reform, hydrology-based water policy, tribal settlements, resilience, and a ten-year capital plan." --- Delivery & capacity · Chapter 31 # Energy, Water, and National Capacity A technology-neutral clean-resource standard, transmission and permitting reform, hydrology-based water policy, tribal settlements, resilience, and a ten-year capital plan. This page separates the book’s proposals from current-law evidence. Dollar figures attributed to the plan are author planning estimates unless otherwise stated. **Read the source text in the book**Energy, Water, and National Capacity [Open Chapter 31](/reader?ch=31#chapter-31) Physical systems constrain policy promises ## The chapter connects electricity, transmission, permitting, water, and capital budgeting. Berkeley Lab’s 2026 queue report found about 2,061 GW of generation and storage seeking interconnection at the end of 2025. USGS reports that the High Plains aquifer’s area-weighted average water level declined 16.5 feet from predevelopment to 2019, with about 286.4 million acre-feet less recoverable storage. Clean resources ### Technology-neutral reliability standard The proposed standard counts qualifying nuclear, wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, storage, and other clean resources while tightening only when reserve-margin requirements are met. Transmission ### Backstop siting + binding cost allocation Long-distance transmission is treated as interstate infrastructure. Federal backstop siting and regional cost allocation are paired with local/community benefit sharing. Permitting ### One lead agency, one record, enforceable deadlines Permitting reform consolidates review around a lead agency and one administrative record while preserving substantive environmental and safety standards. Water ### Hydrology instead of paper assumptions River and groundwater management would use measured flows, aquifer levels, conservation payments, and updated compacts rather than assuming historic allocations are physically available forever. Tribal water ### Fund settlements before discretionary extras Authorized tribal water settlements and infrastructure are treated as obligations to be funded on a predictable schedule, not as optional leftovers. Capital plan ### $100B/year for ten years The book’s capital budget supports grid modernization, lead-pipe replacement, flood resilience, water systems, and other long-lived assets, publishing both cash borrowing and operating-budget depreciation/interest views. Grid queue & water hydrology dashboard ## Two bottlenecks, one lesson: physical capacity cannot be legislated into existence overnight. ### Interconnection queue · end of 2025 2,061 GW generation + storage More than 8,200 proposed projects were seeking interconnection. Queue capacity is not the same as capacity that will ultimately be built. Illustrative completion share 20% Capacity represented by selected share**412 GW** ### High Plains aquifer · predevelopment to 2019 −16.5 feet average water level −286.4M acre-feet recoverable storage Conservation scenario vs. current pumping index 20% Illustrative pumping index**80** The grid sliders apply Berkeley Lab's historical completion and timing data to today's queue; they are not a forecast. The water slider is scenario arithmetic, not an aquifer-recovery model. Capacity constraints in the underlying data | System | Published measure | What it does — and does not — mean | | --- | --- | --- | | U.S. transmission interconnection queues · end of 2025 | ~8,200 projects · 1,312 GW generation + ~749 GW storage | More than 2,060 GW was seeking transmission interconnection. Many queued projects ultimately withdraw, so queue capacity is not a forecast of completed generation. | | High Plains aquifer · predevelopment to 2019 | 16.5 ft average water-level decline | Area-weighted change across the aquifer; local wells vary substantially. | | High Plains aquifer · predevelopment to 2019 | 286.4 million acre-feet decline in recoverable storage | USGS estimate across the aquifer, not a measure of the Colorado River system. | **Goal** Reliable, affordable, increasingly clean energy; water governed by the hydrology the country actually has; physical infrastructure maintained rather than deferred. **Instrument** An all-clean-resources electricity standard that tightens only with certified reserve margins; published climate, reliability, affordability, transmission, and resilience targets; a national transmission program with backstop siting; permitting with one lead agency, deadlines, and focused review; mandatory weatherization and resource-adequacy standards; a national water data system, conservation payments, groundwater incentives, tribal settlement funding, and small-system support; a ten-year $100 billion a year capital plan; disciplined industrial policy; a pollution fee with a household dividend; funded transition support for fossil-fuel workers and communities. **Who pays** Capital plan $100 billion a year through the capital budget, carried on the operating budget at depreciation plus interest; pollution fee revenue largely returned as dividends, with the retained share of $30 billion to $50 billion counted in Appendix E. **Who implements** The Department of Energy and Climate; the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and regional grid operators; the Department of the Interior, including the Geological Survey, the Bureau of Reclamation, and NOAA; states and interstate compact commissions for water; tribal nations; utilities. **Legal vehicle** Federal statute for the standard, transmission siting, permitting reform, reliability standards, and the capital plan; interstate compacts approved by Congress for river management; state law for groundwater and water allocation. **Principal risk** Permitting and transmission reforms stall in court and in Congress while demand for electricity from data centers and electrification grows faster than supply, raising prices and weakening support for the transition. **Measure of success** Progress against the published targets in the table above; interconnection queue times; lead service lines replaced; groundwater levels in monitored aquifers; flood losses from repeatedly flooded properties. **Failure trigger** If the carbon-free share of electricity or transmission miles fall more than a year behind the 2030 milestones, or if residential prices outpace median income for three consecutive years, the instruments should be revisited before the 2035 targets are pursued. The Strongest Counterargument & the Author's Response ### Best case against Permitting and transmission changes can stall in court and Congress while electricity demand rises faster than supply; water reforms can collide with state law, interstate compacts, and entrenched property expectations. ### The author's response The chapter conditions clean-resource targets on certified reserve margins, separates pollution regulation from energy promotion, uses federal authority where systems are interstate, and keeps state roles where water allocation remains state law. ### What remains uncertain The timing of transmission, project completion, hydrology, and demand growth can diverge sharply from planning assumptions. Evidence & sources ## Primary data and research used on this page [**Berkeley Lab · Queued Up 2026**Interconnection queue at end of 2025](https://emp.lbl.gov/queued-2026-edition-characteristics-power-plants-seeking-transmission-interconnection-end-2025)[**USGS · High Plains Aquifer**Predevelopment-to-2019 water-level and storage changes](https://www.usgs.gov/publications/water-level-and-recoverable-water-storage-changes-high-plains-aquifer-predevelopment-1) **Read the source text in the book**Energy, Water, and National Capacity [Open Chapter 31](/reader?ch=31#chapter-31)